NEW YORK.- Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling offers the most thorough examination to date of both the historic and contemporary significance of factoryproduced architecture from 1833 to today. The long history of prefabricated housing is presented in a gallery exhibition of some 60 projects represented by drawings, ephemera, models, photographs, patent applications, films, computer animations, and partially assembled full-scale houses, as well as four new commissions of wall fragments that could be used in designing prefabricated buildings. In the outdoor space to the west of the Museum, five contemporary architectural firms have been invited by MoMA to display full-scale, prefabricated houses which attest to the popularity and innovation of factory-produced architecture today. The exhibition is on view July 20 through October 20, 2008 (through October 26, 2008, for the outdoor component), and is organized by Barry Bergdoll, The Philip Johnson Chief Curator of Architecture and Design, with Peter Christensen, Curatorial Assistant, Department of Architecture and Design, The Museum of Modern Art.

Home Delivery is a survey of prefabrication, a dream of modernist architects since the turn of the twentieth century. Today, with increasing concern for issues such as sustainability and a swelling global population, prefabrication has taken center stage as a prime solution to a host of pressing needs, and continues to spur innovative manufacturing and imaginative design. This exhibition traces the major driving forces of the avant-gardes of the 1920s and 1930s, which have episodically returned to the forefront in every new dialogue about architecture’s relationship with serial production: in the golden decade after World War II, with its economic prosperity and baby boom and corresponding housing shortage; in the 1960s with the introduction of new materials; and again in the past decade as the capacity of the computer has dramatically changed the climate of production.

Mr. Bergdoll explains, “In architecture, the history of prefabrication is, in some senses, the history of modernism. The prefabricated house continues to be one of architecture’s most radical pursuits. Prefabrication is a reflection on the house as a critical agent in the discourse of sustainability, architectural invention, and new formal research.”

The houses erected in the outdoor space at MoMA are designed by Kieran Timberlake Architects (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); Lawrence Sass (Cambridge, Massachusetts); Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier (New York, New York); Oskar Leo Kaufmann and Albert Rüf of Oskar Leo Kaufmann Architects (Dornbirn, Austria); and Richard Horden (London, England, and Munich, Germany) with architects Lydia Haack + John Höpfner, (Munich, Germany). The sixthfloor galleries also display four new commissions: fragments of Water Block House (2007) by Kengo Kuma (Tokyo), and three fragments of digitally fabricated walls by the architecture firms Reiser Umemoto (New York), Contemporary Architecture Practice (Philadelphia), and Marble Fairbanks (New York).

HOME DELIVERY, PART I
The International Council of The Museum of Modern Art Gallery, sixth floor The exhibition begins in the early nineteenth century, when factory-produced buildings and building components became integral to the rapid development of the American heartland and the colonial empires of Britain and France. The exhibition comprises five loosely chronological sections and includes historical documents, full-scale reassemblies, and films. It traces the roots of prefabrication in the work of such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright, Jean Prouvé, Konrad Wachsmann, Marcel Breuer, Kisho Kurokawa, and Richard Rogers. In addition to individual architects’ creations, the exhibition highlights projects by corporations such as Lustron, Sears
Roebuck & Co., and Deutsche Kupferhaus, as well as the imaginative systems of other influential figures, including Thomas Edison and R. Buckminster Fuller.

A New Architecture Primer
The exhibition begins with a display of ephemera—patents, sales brochures, propaganda, replacement parts, and toys. These materials chart the history of the prefabricated house through both its euphoric triumphs and its marked failures, as architects have grappled with the resistance of clients and manufacturers to accept a new level of architectural innovation. In 1833, a London carpenter named H. Manning designed, manufactured, and packaged a cottage for British colonists settling in Australia (paralleling the invention of the balloon frame in the United States). Manning’s Portable Colonial Cottage, represented in the exhibition through advertisements in both British and Australian newspapers, is one of the earliest visually documented replicable homes. Also included are newspaper ads for kit homes designed by Sears, Roebuck & Co. and E. F. Hodgson Company in the 1930s.

Prefabrication and the Spirit of Invention
Focusing on the period between 1906 and 1942, this section of the exhibition highlights architectural experiments in the pre-war period, including early examples in steel shown in the Chicago World's Fair, such as the Crystal House (1933) by George Fred Keck. Bookends of this section are a model of Thomas Edison's Single Pour Concrete House System (1906), and drawings, photographs, and objects representing Konrad Wachsmann and Walter Gropius’s General Panel System (1942). These two projects epitomize the spirit of architectural invention
that took hold between the turn of the twentieth century and World War II, and all are explicitly intended for replication, though none succeeded at a significant scale.

Prefabrication and Necessity
The next section of the exhibition contains artifacts of key projects from the years 1942 to 1956. After World War II, a massive demand for new housing fueled the manufactured-housing industry as never before. Steel had become the primary material for building. Two full-scale partial building reassemblies in the exhibition—a Lustron Westchester Two Bedroom (1948) and Jean Prouvé’s Maison pour L’Institutrice (1949)—illustrate two different approaches to the steel prefabricated house.

It was during this period that Philip Johnson, then director of the Department of Architecture and Design at The Museum of Modern Art, initiated the short-lived House in the Garden exhibition program at MoMA. For this series, contemporary practitioners were periodically invited to build full-scale homes in The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden; the full-scale houses in Part II of Home Delivery renew this tradition. The houses from the original House in the Garden program—including The House in the Museum Garden (1949), Marcel Breuer’s iconic butterfly-roofed Museum House in MoMA’s garden; Gregory Ain’s Exhibition House (1950); and the Japanese Exhibition House (1954–55)—are represented in Home Delivery with wall-sized photographs.

Prefabrication and Experimentation
Over 20 architectural models, from 1943 to 2002, illustrate the fecund experimentation of the postwar period. The 1950s were marked by groundbreaking research in plastics, followed by the explosion in popularity of precast and prestressed concrete panel systems in the 1960s and 1970s. Interest in megastructures blossomed, and though the vast majority of project designs
were never realized, the ideas are exemplified here by Archigram's utopian proposals for a Plug-In City (1962) and a Living Pod (1965), and Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower (1972).

Prefabrication, Fabrication, and Postfabrication in the Digital Era
The advent of computer-software design programs coupled with innovation in laser cutting and three-dimensional printing hardware technology has sparked a flurry of experimentation in recent years. The architects in the final section of the exhibition have turned their attention to architectural infrastructures for improvised building, computer algorithms that configure forms around a set of parameters particular to each client, and building blocks and inhabitable units
whose potential configurations are nearly endless. Recently, a renewed interest in manufactured housing has inspired a wealth of impressive homes, both prototypical and commercially successful, including proposals using shipping containers like the Container Houses (1994) by Wes Jones.

Outside the gallery on the sixth floor are three additional special commissions for the exhibition: fragments of walls that could potentially be used in designing prefabricated buildings, by Reiser Umemoto, Contemporary Architecture Practice, and Marble Fairbanks. These designers explore the future potential of the relationship between industry and the computer-based design of today.

HOME DELIVERY, PART II
Outdoor space to the west of the Museum
(Entrance at 54th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues)
To the west of the Museum, five full-scale, prefabricated contemporary houses have been installed on a vacant lot. These structures represent the burgeoning fields of parametric design and digital fabrication, technological innovations that have resulted from the union of traditional focus on cost and speed with the unleashed creativity of designers and individual clients. Today, prefabricated
houses are back in the spotlight, benefiting from new architectural sophistication, design complexity, and absolute precision.

The five projects were chosen after an initial consideration of some 500 architects and firms, from which 21 proposals were solicited. The proposals were evaluated by a jury of internal Museum curators and staff, as well as invited architects, who advised the curatorial team in making the selections. The five houses represent designs by emerging and established architects, different styles of homes that use varied manufacturing techniques, and houses that span the economic market. Cooper Robertson Partners acted as consulting architects in assembling the houses for the exhibition. F. J. Sciame Co. served as construction manager.

The architects participating in Home Delivery are presenting commercially viable domestic creations, prototypes, and entirely new designs produced specifically for the exhibition. The selected designs showcase a variety of approaches to prefabrication. These include a green urban dwelling made of recyclable materials, by Kieran Timberlake Architects; a section of a multistory house with floors that fit into shipping containers and can stack together like blocks, by Oskar Leo Kaufmann and Albert Rüf; a digitally fabricated house for New Orleans to help those displaced by Hurricane Katrina, by M.I.T. professor Lawrence Sass; a house built from a computer program that automates a blueprint, by Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier; and a tiny cube intended for use as temporary housing, by Richard Horden, Lydia Haack and John Höpfner.

Kieran Timberlake Architects: Cellophane House
The Cellophane House was designed in 2007 specifically for Home Delivery, with aluminum frames that snap together, glass windows that slide into place, and sustainable energy systems. The Cellophane House is intended as a prefabricated solution for an urban dwelling. Requiring no welding or sealing, it is made of recyclable materials and equipped with photovoltaic cells that allow it to be off-grid and energy efficient. Kieran Timberlake Architects, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is led by partners Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake.

Oskar Leo Kaufmann and Albert Rüf: System3
System3 is an austere and elegant structure designed in 2007 specifically for MoMA’s Home Delivery exhibition. Displayed here as a house, System3 can also be an apartment building of multiple stories, each of which can serve as a complete living unit. Just one possible configuration of the house, a single story, is displayed at MoMA. Each story of the house fits perfectly inside a shipping container for easy transporting, and the stories are stacked together like blocks for assembly. Offering a more refined alternative to many American manufactured houses, the System3 uses both modular and flat-pack elements.

Austrian architect Oskar Leo Kaufmann established an office for architecture with Albert Rüf in 2001 in Dornbirn, Austria, designing office and industrial buildings, single-family houses, and hotels in Austria, Germany, Japan, and the United States. For the past 10 years, the architects have been actively developing building systems and prefabricated prototypes.

Lawrence Sass: Digitally Fabricated Housing for New Orleans
A project intended to help with rehousing those displaced by Hurricane Katrina, the Digitally Fabricated Housing for New Orleans was designed as a prototype in 2006. It consists of laser-cut plywood panels with grooves and joints that allow each piece to fit neatly into the next without nails or hinges. The house’s filigree is designed to reflect the local architecture of New Orleans, but could be adapted for other locations.

Architect Lawrence Sass is a designer, researcher, and teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge. His work explores the relationships among design, computing, and digital fabrication. Current research projects explore a range of interests in digital fabrication, specifically by the study of digitally fabricated wood and concrete homes. His research is centered on the advent of design systems structured around digital fabrication.

Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier: Burst*008
Designed to be assembled on site from laser-cut pieces, the Burst house is a computer-designed remake of the typical prefabricated box. Working from a formula that automates on the computer the specific pieces needed to create the house desired, the project is based on a system that can be adapted to a changing set of criteria. The 2003 prototype of the Burst*003 project, built on Australia's northeast coast, won the Royal Australian Institute of Architects 2006 Wilkinson award; Burst*008 is a prototype developed for MoMA.

Jeremy Edmiston, originally from Australia, has been practicing, teaching and researching architecture in New York City for 16 years. His practice is based in re-evaluating the relationship between the built and natural environments in all its permutations. Douglas Gauthier is a New York–based architect whose work focuses on the structural, programmatic, and environmental parameters that influence architecture.

Horden Cherry Lee Architects/Haack + Höpfner Architects: micro compact home
An aluminum-clad, perfectly cubic form measuring approximately 76 square feet, the micro compact home is a tiny dwelling intended for use as athletic or student housing, or as a miniature vacation house. It is commercially available and recently went on the market in Europe. Deliverable by helicopter or crane, the tiny house is entirely portable. Its interior is fully equipped with modern amenities, and its exterior features both a roof topped with photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine, allowing the house to function off grid.

Architect Richard Horden is a founding partner of the London-based firm Horden Cherry Lee Architects. Since the 1970s, both the firm and the architect have been committed to achieving more with less, optimizing visual and technical lightness with a minimal use of materials. Horden initiated research on the micro compact home (mch) with a team of students and collaborators as a professor at the Technical University in Munich.

Lydia Haack and John Höpfner of Haack + Höpfner Architects are an architectural team working in Germany and the United Kingdom. They worked in London for many years and taught at various architecture schools. Their projects range in scale from large industrial buildings to experimental housing and interior and product design.