VENICE.- The Spanish Pavilion at the 19th International Architecture Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia - presents Internalities: Architectures for Territorial Equilibrium, a project curated by the architects Roi Salgueiro and Manuel Bouzas that explores how architecture can reduce the environmental externalities associated with production processes to move towards the decarbonisation of architecture in Spain.
Internalities is the project selected through an open call to represent Spain, and which responds to the proposal of the curator of this edition of the Bienniale, Carlo Ratti. Under the theme Intelligens. Natural. Artificial. Collective, Ratti's proposal seeks to highlight the different intelligences that being developed to combat the climate crisis.
“Internalities analyses in what ways, to what extent, at what costs, through which buildings, cities and territories, Spanish architecture is leaving behind the economies of externalisation,” affirm Roi Salgueiro and Manuel Bouzas. The project also highlights the work of a new generation of Spanish architects who rigorously and radically examine how architecture can mediate the balance between ecologies and economies.
In this sense, the Spanish pavilion explores how architecture can overcome the current externalisation model and contribute to the country's decarbonisation. To this end, it investigates the use of local, regenerative, and low-carbon materials, as well as the reconnection of this palette of resources with the landscapes from which they originate.
"This project highlights how architecture can contribute to a country's decarbonisation while acting as a driver of economic development, boosting the revival of local economies," says Iñaqui Carnicero, Secretary General of Urban Agenda, Housing and Architecture.
The exhibition is sponsored by the Government of Spain, through the General Secretariat for Urban Agenda, Housing and Architecture of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Agenda (MIVAU), in collaboration with Spanish Cultural Action (Acción Cultural Española -AC/E) and the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). The project is also officially sponsored by FINSA.
Internalities: a new concept
The Spanish pavilion proposed by Roi Salgueiro and Manuel Bouzas is built around a word that does not exist: Internalities. The simplest way to define the idea of "Internality" is in contrast to "Externality", which is a well-established concept in disciplines such as economics and ecology.
The term Externality was coined by the British economist Arthur Pigou in 1920 to describe the “indirect costs affecting people and territories that are unrelated to the production of a product.” According to this definition, externalities are the set of unquantified repercussions, by-products, residues, emissions, and waste that underlie routine production processes. One such process is construction, which is responsible for 37% of global CO2 emissions.
“Construction generates externalities when we extract materials, burn energy, displace local trades, produce waste, and generate emissions. "Externalities thus cause a serious imbalance between the buildings we construct and the territories they affect," affirm the curators. Combined, they constitute the central cause of the environmental crisis that Carlo Ratti intends to address at this biennial.
In this sense, Internalities proposes an architecture that responds to environmental externalities with the aim of reversing them. Through various proposals, the project seeks to explore how architects can aspire to not depend on the intercontinental flow of resources, but rather to be able to internally balance the relationships between ecologies and economies.
The exhibition
Through projects, research, and photography, the pavilion examines the use of local, regenerative, and low-carbon resources. As a whole, the project questions how to reduce the emissions associated with the extraction, manufacturing, distribution, installation, and deconstruction of the architectures we inhabit.
The exhibition is structured around a central room that serves as an introduction and five side rooms that present different research topics. The central room, titled Balance, brings together 16 architectural projects from different studios selected through a call for entries, each presented through two models, giving 32 in total. The buildings on display employ different types of stone (granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate), use varieties of wood (pine, fir, cork, teak) adapted to the species available in each geography, use materials originating from the soil itself (clay, compacted earth, or bricks), incorporate natural fibres and insulation, or develop urban mining techniques. In short, each architectural project on display demonstrates different ways of internalising a material based on its context.
The room highlights the relationship and balance that exists between these materials and the territories from which they originate. For this purpose, 16 scales are displayed, one per project, holding on each of their trays the models representing the two scales developed in the project. The first consists of the construction systems and is made with the material that the building has most ambitiously internalised. The second is on a territorial scale and shows the geographies of origin of these materials and the processes used to obtain them.
This overview is completed by the five side halls that will present the results of the research topics addressed by the teams of researchers and architects to analyse the decarbonisation of architecture in Spain: Materials, Energy, Labor, Residues, and Emissions. Thus, the side halls will complete the pavilion’s narrative, highlighting the alternatives being considered in Spain to address the issues at hand.
Five axes of research
Through the side halls, the exhibition delves into the regional ecologies of resources such as wood, stone, and earth, as well as the forests, quarries, and soils from which they originate. The exhibition is structured around five axes of internality for the decarbonisation of architecture in Spain: Materials, Energy, Trades, Waste, and Emissions. Each axis has been addressed by a team of local architects and photographers who have studied a specific territory and resource in Spain.
• The ‘Materials’ axis analyses the value chains of natural and regenerative materials on the Cantabrian coast, from forestry practices to the wood industry. The research on display in this room was conducted by architects and researchers Daniel Ibáñez and Carla Ferrer, and photographer María Azkarate. Through photographs, models, and infographics, the exhibition shows the journey of wood from production forests to its application in different buildings, highlighting the potential of wood as a model for a more sustainable type of construction, based on local resources and with a low ecological footprint.
• The ‘Energy’ axis examines the energy transition and its landscape implications, focusing on wind and hydroelectric power generation on the northwest Atlantic coast of Spain. Aurora Armental and Stefano Ciurlo, from the architecture studio Estar, together with photographer Luis Díaz Díaz, approach the energy transition as a territorial-scale landscape project, aimed at balancing energy, biodiversity, and social equality. In this context, the room proposes an alternative model to that of large wind farms, reducing the scales of intervention and multiplying production sites, as well as diversifying them with other techniques such as solar energy or offshore wind.
• In the ‘Labor’ axis, the researchers Anna and Eugeni Bach, together with the photographer Caterina Barjau, investigate how to de-escalate the dependence on global technologies to recover local constructive intelligences associated with the use of earth in the Mediterranean arc. Their research focuses on the use of earth, a common construction material due to its physical qualities and versatility of processing. Through research of three Catalan companies — Cerámica Cumella, Fetdeterra, and Rajoleria Quintana — they analyse the production processes and construction elements used to minimise their environmental impact. In addition, the importance of recovering construction techniques linked to the territory (use of baked clay, compacted earth, and handmade ceramics) is highlighted, as well as the trades, tools, and people who represent knowledge and ways of doing things.
• The ‘Residues’ axis explores strategies for the recovery, recycling, and reuse of materials discarded in construction in the metropolitan area of Madrid. Led by Lucas Muñoz and photographer Ana Amado, the research in this room explores how the metropolitan area of Madrid, with scarce resources of its own, depends on both materials and energy from the rest of the country. The team has focused on buildings constructed during the Spanish development period of the mid-20th century, which were built with high-carbon materials and are nearing the end of their useful life. These materials could be reused in future constructions. The aim of this room is to explore construction methods that make use of discarded and recycled materials, consider the changes and transformations possible throughout their useful life, and examine the possibility of their partial or total deconstruction.
• The ‘Emissions’ axis deals with the complete CO2 cycle throughout a building's lifespan, from extraction to demolition, with examples of emission reductions in the Balearic Islands. The research, carried out by Carles Oliver and David Mayol, together with photographer Milena Villalba, highlights the production and use of local materials such as marés stone, compacted earth blocks, and cyclopean concrete blocks, among others. In this way, the room explores how recent architecture in the Balearic Islands pursues self-sufficiency in the context of degrowth. This includes strategies such as the recovery and conservation of local low-carbon resources, the modernisation of local industries to support the energy transition, and the recycling of previously discarded resources.
In addition, the exhibition is built entirely with the materials featured in the show, with a prominent role for wood from communal forests in Galicia, thanks to the sponsorship of the timber company FINSA, with which the exhibition devices designed by both curators were built, maintaining the coherence of the pavilion's discourse in terms of the materials, their origin and production.
