ARLES.- The Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles is presenting Van Gogh’s famous “cosmic poem” Starry Night (Arles, September 1888), one of the masterpieces in the collection of the Musée d’Orsay. The arrival of this key work in Arles, just a few metres from where it was made, provides an opportunity to produce an exhibition that sheds new light on both the sources the artist drew on to create it and its enormous influence.

The exhibition Van Gogh and the Stars, curated by Jean de Loisy and Bice Curiger, takes into consideration the unique climate of the second half of the nineteenth century, both in terms of literature and science. Both artists and thinkers of the day influenced the popularity of astronomy, which spread notably through literary works by the likes of Victor Hugo and Jules Verne; at the same time, painters such as Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot, and James McNeill Whistler were fascinated by the effects of the night, the clear light of the stars, and knowledge of the cosmos.

Intellectuals of this period used words and images to illustrate their new discoveries – copies of astronomer Camille Flammarion’s writings, for example, sold in the hundreds of thousands in the time leading up to the creation of Van Gogh’s night scenes. Such discoveries were popularised by magazines that were hugely influential. Science fiction and bold metaphysical hypotheses added mystery and thrills to the craze and contributed greatly to the climate in which Vincent van Gogh’s nocturnal works were born.

The exhibition presents some of the research that fascinated the public of the time, including the work of great scientific illustrators such as Étienne Léopold Trouvelot and Lord Ross’s drawings of spiral galaxies which so resemble those of Van Gogh. This movement and the colours of the night were augmented by the advent of urban lighting, whose glow and reflections punctuate the famous view of the Rhône.

The influence of this nocturnal scene has been considerable, as shown in the work of subsequent artists such as Edvard Munch, Augusto Giacometti, Robert Delaunay, František Kupka, Kasimir Malevitch, Georgia O’Keeffe, Helen Frankenthaler and other major figures who are featured in the exhibition.

Van Gogh’s examination of the stars, however, is just as remarkable – we know that he studied them meticulously by the precise arrangement of the constellations in his paintings. In a letter to his brother Theo in July 1888, he imagines the stars as the refuge of the dead. This belief, which features prominently in para-scientific literature from the mid-nineteenth century, also influenced Van Gogh’s contemporaries, such as Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Odilon Redon, James Ensor, Wenzel Hablik, and Constantin Ciurlionis. A fascination with the night has persisted in contemporary art, where it has taken different forms. Works by Tony Cragg, Alicja Kwade, Anselm Kiefer, Mariko Mori, Gillian Brett, Alfred Smith, Dove Allouche, Yves Klein, Lee Bontecou, and others are also included in this journey to the stars undertaken thanks to the return of Starry Night to the banks of the river that inspired it...